Boiqapelo ba thepa e thehiloeng ho bio, sekala le litšila tse ling tsa indasteri ea litlhapi ho etsa polasetiki ea bio bakeng sa ho paka lijo!

Tlhahiso ea litlhapi lefatšeng ka bophara ka 2019 e hakanngoa ho lithane tse limilione tse 177.8 'me ho lebelletsoe hore e tla hola haholo nakong e tlang. Joalokaha ho amoheloa ka bophara ke Lenaneo la Machaba a Kopaneng la 2030 bakeng sa Nts'etsopele e Tsitsitseng le FAO, litlhapi le temo ea litlhapi li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa polokehong ea lijo le phepo e nepahetseng. Hoo e ka bang 70% ea litlhapi le lijo tsa leoatleng li sebetsoa pele li rekisoa, e leng se fellang ka litšila tse ngata tse tiileng mesebetsing e kang ho khaola hlooho, ho phunya, ho tlosa viscera, ho hlalosa le ho lekanya, le ho tlosa fillet.

Lihlahisoa tsa litlhapi hangata li kenyelletsa litho tsa ka hare, lisele tsa mesifa, litopo, lihlooho, mapheo, letlalo, makhakhapha le masapo, tse etsang karolo ea 50 ho isa ho 75 lekholong ea boima bo bocha, ho latela mofuta oa tsona. Mohlala, ts'ebetso ea li-shrimp le li-fillet e hlahisa hoo e ka bang 50% le 75% (ka boima) ea litšila. Hoo e ka bang 20% ​​ea lihlahisoa tsa litlhapi tsa litlhapi li sebelisoa e le metsoako ea boleng bo tlase lijong tsa liphoofolo, tseo boholo ba tsona li tlatsitsoeng mobung kapa li chesitsoeng, e leng se fellang ka tahlehelo ea tikoloho, bophelo bo botle le moruo.

Ka hona, litšila tsa tlhapi ke bothata bo ntseng bo hola bo hlokang mekhoa le litharollo tse ncha. Ho fihlela sena, merero le mehato e mengata e se e amohetsoe lefatšeng ka bophara ho thibela litšila tsa lijo. Har'a tsona, litšila tsa tlhapi e le thepa e ncha e tala bakeng sa li-bio-plastics li hohetse tlhokomelo e eketsehileng libakeng tse fapaneng tsa ts'ebeliso (haholo-holo liphutheloana tsa lijo), ka melemo e meholo ea moruo le tikoloho.

Li ka etsoa liphutheloana tsa lijo ka ho sebelisa hape limolek'hule tse 'maloa tse ka bang tsa bohlokoa ho kenyeletsoa oli, liprotheine, mebala, li-peptide tse sebetsang ka bio, li-amino acid, collagen, chitin, le gelatin. Liphutheloana li ntse li nkoa e le karolo e kholo eatlhahiso ea li-bio-plastics, e ikarabellang bakeng sa 47% (lithane tse 990,000) tsa 'maraka oa bio-plastics ka 2020. Har'a thepa ena e ncha e tala, lifilimi tse jeoang/tse bolang bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa ho paka lijo li hohetse tlhokomelo ea bafuputsi lithutong le indastering.

Francesca Rioneto, ho tsoa Lefapheng la Boenjiniere ba Ntlafatso Univesithing ea Salento, e phatlalalitsoeng ho Polymers. Sehlooho se akaretsang, se nang le sehlooho se reng 'Litšebeliso tsa Haufinyane tsa Bio-polymers tse tsoang Litšileng tsa Litlhapi tsa Liindasteri ho Paketeng ea Lijo', se akaretsa tsoelo-pele ea morao tjena ea ho lekanya litšila tse tsoang indastering ea litlhapi le monyetla oa ho sebelisa lihlahisoa tsena tse ling hape mekhoeng ea moruo o chitja bakeng sa ho lokisa li-bio-plastics bakeng sa liphutheloana tsa lijo.

1. Protheine ea mesifa
Liprotheine tsa mesifa li arotsoe ka mekhahlelo e meraro e meholo ho latela ho qhibiliha ha tsona: myogenic fibrin, liprotheine tsa sarcoplasmic, le liprotheine tsa matrix. Myoffibrin ke karolo e ka sehloohong ea mesifa ea masapo, e etsang hoo e ka bang 65-75% ea protheine eohle ea mesifa. Myoffibrin e kenyelletsa liprotheine tse ling tse koalehileng, tse kang myosin le actin, liprotheine tse laolang tse kang protomyosin le troponin, le liprotheine tse ling tsa bobeli. Ka lebaka la sebopeho sa tsona le sebaka sa tsona, li-myoffibrin li hloka maemo a ho nyenyefatsa, joalo ka litharollo tsa matla a ionic tse matla ho qhala le ho ntšoa.

Liprotheine ke e 'ngoe ea lintho tse sebelisoang haholo indastering ea lijo ka lebaka la boleng ba tsona ba phepo, bokhoni ba tsona ba ho se be chefo, ho bola le ho etsa gel. Lilemong tsa morao tjena, liprotheine tsa matrix ea tlhapi le fibrin ea myogen li fumane tlhokomelo e kholo ka lebaka la bokhoni ba tsona ba ho etsa lifilimi tse bolang, tse jeoang tse nang le likhase tse ntle tsa thibelo, li-volatile tsa tlhaho le thepa ea lipid e sa qhibiliheng metsing empa e ka qhibiliha ka ho fetola pH ea tharollo. Lifilimi tsena tse entsoeng ka li-fibrils tsa mesifa ea tlhapi kapa liprotheine tsa mesifa li na le melemo e 'maloa: (i) Thibelo e ntle ea UV ha e bapisoa le lifilimi tsa ho paka tsa khoebo tse entsoeng ka PVC; (ii) lithibelo tse ntle tsa oksijene le carbon dioxide; (iii) ponaletso e nyane; (iv) monyetla oa tlhahiso ea liphutheloana tse sebetsang.

Mathata a maholo a fokotsang ts'ebeliso e pharaletseng ea lifilimi tsena khoebong ke ho tiea le matla a fokolang a mechini, e leng se ntseng se ntlafatsoa ke litlamo tsa disulfide, litlamo tsa haedrojene, le/kapa likamano tsa electrostatic ka lebaka la likamano tse pharaletseng tsa ketane ea protheine le protheine marangrang a filimi e tšesaane. Ho rarolla bothata bona, maemo a phahameng a li-plasticizer (hoo e ka bang 40-60%) a ka eketsoa lifiliming tse ka bolang ho fokotsa ho robeha le ho eketsa ho ductility le ho tiea ka ho fokotsa matla pakeng tsa liketane tsa protheine le protheine. Moeli o mong oa li-membrane tsa fibrin ea tlhapi ke thibelo e mpe ea mouoane oa metsi, e bakoang ke ho feto-fetoha ho hoholo ha li-amino acid liprotheineng le ho eketsoa ha palo e kholo ea li-plasticizer tse feto-fetohang ka metsi (joalo ka glycerol le sorbitol) ho fa lera ho tenyetseha ho lekaneng. Ho kopana ha lik'hemik'hale, mahlaseli a elektrone le mahlaseli a gamma ho tlalehiloe e le mekhoa e sebetsang ea ho fumana lifilimi tse matla le tse sa keneleng metsi haholo.

2. Kolajene ea metsing

Collagen ke protheine e atileng haholo ea liphoofolo hobane e fumaneha liseleng tsohle tse hokahaneng (ke hore, letlalo, masapo, ligaments, li-tendon le lefufuru) le liseleng tse ka hare ho litho tsa parenchymal.

Kolagen ea leoatleng e ntšoa haholo-holo letlalong la litlhapi, masapong a litlhapi, mapheong, makhakhapha kapa liseleng tse hokahaneng tsa jellyfish, li-urchin tsa leoatleng, litlhapi tsa linaleli kapa likomkomere tsa leoatleng. Matlalo a litlhapi a 'nile a sebelisoa ho ntša kolagen hobane 70-80% ea lintho tse omileng tsa eona ke kolagen. Ho phaella moo, makhakhapha a litlhapi ke mohloli o mong o tšepisang le o theko e tlaase oa kolagen ea leoatleng, o etsang hoo e ka bang 4% ea boima bohle ba selemo le selemo ba litlhapi tse tsoang ka ntle, lithane tse ka bang limilione tse 18-30. Makhakhapha a litlhapi a na le likarolo tsa tlhaho (collagen, mafura, lecithin, protheine e thata, livithamine tse fapaneng, jj.) le likarolo tse sa pheleng (hydroxyapatite, calcium phosphate, jj.).

Ha ho bapisoa le collagen ea liphoofolo tse anyesang, collagen ea leoatleng e na le boima ba limolek'hule bo tšoanang kapa bo tlase hanyane le mocheso o tlase oa ho fetoha ha tlhaho (ho qhibiliha), e leng hoo e ka bang 20-35°C bakeng sa litlhapi tse ngata, ha boleng ba collagen bo tsoang mefuteng ea metsi a futhumetseng bo le holimo. E le ho ntlafatsa botsitso ba mocheso, mekhoa e loketseng ea ho hokahanya e 'nile ea ithutoa.

Ho ea ka Coppola jj., boima bo omileng ba collagen e ntšoang lihlahisoa tse ling tsa tlhapi bo ka fihla ho feta 50%. Ho feta moo, ho ntša mafura nakong ea ts'ebetso ea litlhapi ho tiisa hore ha ho na monko kapa tatso. Hangata ho nka nako e telele ho ntša collagen ho tsoa makhakhapheng a litlhapi ka mekhoa ea lik'hemik'hale. Ka lebaka leo, bafuputsi ba ntse ba thahasella haholoanyane mokhoa o loketseng oa ho ntša collagen ea makhakhapheng a litlhapi.

Ha e bapisoa le collagen ea liphoofolo tse anyesang, collagen ea leoatleng ha e na lithibelo tšebelisong ea mabaka a bolumeli le mafu a tšoaetsanoang a ka bang teng, 'me ka nako e ts'oanang e na le bokhoni bo botle ba ho etsa filimi, ho lumellana ha bio, ho ba le antigen e tlase, ho bola ho hoholo ha bio le bokhoni ba kholo ea lisele. Litšila tsena li na le bokhoni ba ho ntlafatsoa e le mohloli oa collagen o mosa tikolohong le o theko e tlase ka lits'ebetso tse ngata tse ka bang teng e le mojari oa lithethefatsi/kabo kapa ho lokisa maqeba masimong a fapaneng joalo ka lijo tse phetseng hantle, litlolo le meriana ea bio. Ka lebaka la bokhoni ba eona bo phahameng ba ho monya metsi, collagen ke mokhethoa ea motle oa ho etsa sebopeho, ho teteana le ho thehoa ha gel. Ho phaella moo, e na le litšobotsi tse khahlisang tse amanang le boitšoaro ba bokaholimo, ho kenyeletsoa emulsion, ho thehoa ha foam, ho tsitsisa, ho khomarela le ho kopana, ts'ebetso ea colloidal e sireletsang le bokhoni ba ho theha filimi. Le hoja e sebelisitsoe e le sehlomathiso sa lijo ho ntlafatsa litšobotsi tsa rheological tsa lijo, collagen ea leoatleng ha e so sebelisoe ka botlalo 'me ts'ebeliso ea eona e tlase haholo ho feta collagen ea liphoofolo tse anyesang.

Tšebeliso ea filimi ea collagen ea tlhapi indastering ea ho paka e lekanyelitsoe ke mathata a mang, joalo ka botsitso bo tlase ba mocheso le thepa e fokolang ea mechini. Ho phaella moo, collagen ke polymer e phelang ka metsi e nang le lihlopha tsa hydroxyl. Ka hona, mouoane oa metsi o feta habonolo filiming. Ho hlōla mefokolo ena, ho entsoe boiteko bo fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa ho kopanya collagen le li-biopolymer tse ling le lits'ebetso tse 'maloa tsa lik'hemik'hale le tsa enzymatic. Mohlala, Ahmed le ba bang ba sebelisa motsoako oa collagen le chitosan e ntšitsoeng letlalong la jase ea letlalo, bokhoni ba bacteriostatic le ts'ebetso ea bacteriostatic ea filimi lia ntlafala, empa ho tenyetseha kapa ho robeha ha filimi hoa ameha.

3. Sekhomaretsi sa tlhapi

Gelatin ke protheine e senyehileng e nkiloeng ho hydrolysis e sa fellang le kalafo ea mocheso ea collagen. E entsoe ka sete ea liprotheine le li-poly-peptide tsa boima bo fapaneng ba limolek'hule, tseo motsoako oa tsona o itšetlehileng haholo-holo ka collagen ea motsoali le mokhoa oa ho ntša. Nakong ea hydrolysis, litlamo tsa tlhaho tsa limolek'hule pakeng tsa liketane tsa collagen ka bomong lia robeha, li siea motsoako oa li-poly-peptide tse nang le likhoele tse le 'ngoe kapa tse ngata, e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e na le sebopeho se atolositsoeng sa helix e letšehali 'me e na le li-amino acid tse 50-1000. Mefuta e 'meli ea gelatin e fumanoa ka hydrolysis ea acid le hydrolysis ea alkali, e leng mofuta oa A le mofuta oa B.

Ka lebaka la litaba tsa bolumeli le matšoenyeho mabapi le bophelo bo botle ba ho ata ha mafu ho batho, ho ntšoa le ho sebelisoa ha gelatin ho tsoa mantle a litlhapi ho tsositse thahasello e pharaletseng. Gelatin ke bio-polymer ea bohlokoa ea indasteri e nang le thepa ea bohlokoa ea gelling le ho etsa filimi e ka sebelisoang lijong, meriana le masimong a mang a amanang le eona.

Ka lebaka la thepa ea eona e ntle ea ho etsa filimi, litšenyehelo tse tlase, ho lumellana ha eona le ho bola ha eona, gelatin ea tlhapi e sa tsoa khothaletsoa bakeng sa ho lokisa lifilimi tse bolang ka har'a liphutheloana tsa lijo tse sebetsang ho nkela li-polymer tsa setso tse sa bolang le li-gelatin tse ling tse thehiloeng ho liphoofolo tse anyesang sebaka. Ka ho sebelisa mocheso le khatello ea mechine theknolojing e thehiloeng ho extrusion, gelatin e bonolo ho e sebetsana. Ho eketsa ho tenyetseha, li-plasticizer li sebelisoa e le litlolo tsa ka hare, tse ntlafatsang ho phalla ha limolek'hule. Tharollo ea metsi ea Gelatin e ka fumanoa ka ho lahla filimi ea gelatin. Ha li na monko, ha li na 'mala, li bonaletsa, li qhibiliha ka metsing, 'me li tenyetseha ho feta lifilimi tse ling tse thehiloeng ho bio tse sebelisoang liphuthelong tsa lijo. Kaha ntlha ea ho qhibiliha ha gelatin e haufi le mocheso oa 'mele, lifilimi tse thehiloeng ho gelatin li ka sebelisoa ho lokisa lifilimi tse jeoang. Ho feta moo, gelatin ea tlhapi e bontšitse bokhoni bo boholo e le motsoako o motle oa metsoako e sebetsang ka bio e nang le mesebetsi e ntlafatsang, joalo ka li-antioxidants/li-antibacterial agents.

Khanyetso ea metsi e ntlafala ka ho laminate filimi ea gelatin ea tlhapi ka polymer e sa bolang mongobo filiming ea mekhahlelo e mengata e nang le lera la thibelo ea mongobo le oksijene le ntlafalitsoeng bakeng sa liphutheloana le maemo a itseng. Matutsch jj. Ka gelatin ea montmorillonite sodium plasticizing e le lera le ka hare, starch ea dialdehyde e kopantsoeng le filimi ea gelatin e polasetiki e le lera le ka ntle, mekhahlelo e meraro ea filimi ea gelatin e ile ea hatelloa ka mocheso. Kaha mekhahlelo ka bonngoe e ka sebelisana ka litlamo tse matla tsa hydrogen, li-membrane tsa mekhahlelo e mengata li bontša meaho e menyenyane le e ts'oanang. Bangoli ba tšoanang ba boetse ba lokisitse sebopeho sa mekhahlelo e mengata moo filimi ea poly-lactic acid e sebetsang e le lera le ka ntle le nang le ho kenella ha mouoane oa metsi ho feta li-polymer tse ling tsa khoebo tse kang polyethylene e nang le bongata bo boholo kapa polyvinyl chloride.

Tsela e 'ngoe e tšepisang ea ho ntlafatsa litšobotsi tsa thibelo, litšobotsi tsa mechine le litšobotsi tsa mocheso tsa sekhomaretsi sa tlhapi bakeng sa ho paka lijo e thehiloe holim'a ho hokahanya ho hokahantsoeng. Haholo-holo, joalo ka ha Garavand jj. e hlahlobile, li-crosslink tse thehiloeng ka tlhaho li hohetse tlhokomelo e eketsehileng e le ho nahana ka matšoenyeho a tikoloho le bophelo bo botle hammoho le litaba tsa moruo. Liguori jj. e thehile mokhoa oa ho hokahanya gelatin ea tlhapi le citric acid. Kalafo ea mocheso boteng ba tsoekere e fokotsang (e bitsoang Maillard reaction) e bontšitsoe e lebisa lits'ebetsong tsa ho hokahanya ho hokahantsoeng le ho fetola meaho ea marang-rang. Haufinyane tjena, Maroufi jj. e bontšitse ho hokahanya ha gelatin ea tlhapi le sehlopha sa aldehyde sa K-carrageenan ka lik'hemik'hale.

4. Tšebeliso ea chitosan ka har'a liphutheloana tsa lijo

Chitin, bio-polymer ea bobeli e ngata ka ho fetisisa tlhahong kamora cellulose, ke polymer e otlolohileng, polysaccharide, e fumanehang leboteng la sele ea fungal le ka har'a plankton, li-crustacean le li-exoskeleton tsa likokoanyana, ka mokhoa oa li-microfiber tse hlophisitsoeng tse kristale tse hlahisang lithane tse ka bang limilione tse likete tse 100 tsa chitin ka selemo.

Litšobotsi tse lumellanang le bophelo, tse se nang chefo le tse sebetsang tsa chitin le chitosan bio-polymers li etsa hore li tšoanelehe bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa ho paka lijo. Haholo-holo, li-chitosan bio-polymers tse ntšitsoeng ho shrimp li khethoa esale pele e le tse tsejoang ka kakaretso e le Safe (GRAS). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, Chitosan e theko e tlase haholo ha e bapisoa le li-bio-polymers tse ling. Leha ho le joalo, litšobotsi tse ntle tsa chitosan li etsa hore e be e loketseng haholoanyane lits'ebetsong tsa ho paka lijo. Mohlala, ho ile ha etsoa tlhahiso e atlehileng ea ho atolosa bophelo ba shelefo ea bohobe hobane bo bontšitsoe bo liehisa ho khutla ha starch ka ho thibela kholo ea likokoana-hloko.

Tyliszczak jj. e bontšitse hore lifilimi tsa chitosan le tsona li ka boloka fragole. Ho phaella moo, Zakaria jj. e bontšitse hore lera la chitosan le thibela liphetoho litšobotsing tsa 'mele tsa meroho. Chitosan e ka boela ea sebelisoa ho hlahisa sekoahelo sa lijo se koahetsoeng ka eona, ka hona e liehisa kholo ea likokoana-hloko. Leano la ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea lifilimi tsa chitosan bakeng sa ho paka lijo le batla le tšoana le le sebelisoang bakeng sa lifilimi tsa gelatin tsa tlhapi. Ha e le hantle, nts'etsopele ea metsoako ea polymer e emela mokhoa o atlehang oa ho ntlafatsa litšobotsi tsa mechini le ho fokotsa ho qhibiliha ha metsi le ho kenella ha mouoane oa metsi. Li-polysaccharide tse 'maloa li ekelitsoe ho chitosan bakeng sa tlhahiso ea lifilimi tse tsoakiloeng tse nang le litšobotsi tsa ho qetela tse ntlafalitsoeng bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa lijo. Har'a tsona, ka lebaka la litšenyehelo tsa eona tse tlase, ho fumaneha ka bongata le ho bola ha lintho tse phelang, starch ke e 'ngoe ea li-polysaccharide tse tloaelehileng haholo tse khothaletsoang tlhahiso ea li-biofilm tse thehiloeng ho chitosan.

Lifilimi tsa Chitosan/starch li bontša ho khomarela ho fokotsehileng ha baktheria, ts'ebetso e ntle ea antioxidant le ho eketseha ha thepa ea thibelo ea mouoane oa metsi liphuthelong, ka hona li bontša hore li ka tšoaneleha bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse itseng. Bo-rasaense ba 'maloa ba ithutile monyetla oa ho lokisa motsoako oa cellulose/chitosan ho ntlafatsa litšobotsi tsa mechini tsa chitosan e hloekileng.

Litšila tsa liindasteri tsa tlhapi li bontša bokhoni bo boholo e le thepa e ncha e tala bakeng sa tlhahiso ea bio-polymer 'me li ka sebelisoa libakeng tse fapaneng tsa ts'ebeliso, haholo-holo liphutheloana tsa lijo. Tšebeliso ea boleng bo eketsehileng ea litšila tsa tlhapi e na le melemo ea moruo hobane e thusa ho fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa ho lahla litšila ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng 'me e hlahisa boleng bo eketsehileng ka ho sebelisa limolek'hule tse' maloa tse ka bang tsa bohlokoa. Ho phaella moo, boleng bo eketsehileng ba lihlahisoa tsa tlhapi bo tlisa melemo e mengata ea tikoloho e tlisoang ke ho fokotseha ha ho tlatsoa ha mobu, ho chesoa le ho lahla, e leng tšenyo e kholo ea mehloli, hammoho le ho nkeloa sebaka ke li-polymer tse thehiloeng mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale. Ka tsela ena, ho sebelisoa hape ha litšila tsa litlhapi ho ka ba le tšusumetso e ntle tikolohong ea tikoloho le ho phela hantle licheleteng tsa litlhapi. Tšusumetso ea eona e lebelletsoe ho eketseha lilemong tse tlang.

Monehelo o moholo oa tlhahlobo ena ke ho bontša hore lihlahisoa tsohle tsa litlhapi tse tsoang ho tsona li ka sebelisoa ho nts'etsapele theknoloji ea bio-refine ha e bapisoa le libaka tsa khale tsa ho hloekisa peterole tse amanang le mesifa ea khase e futhumatsang lefatše e thehiloeng ho carbon. Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe, fibro-fibrin, collagen, gelatin, chitin, chitosan e tsoang mesifa, visceral, letlalo, scales, mapheo kapa likhetla tsa crustacean li bontšitsoe li fihlela litlhoko tsa tekheniki tsa moloko o mocha oa liphutheloana, tse bitsoang liphutheloana tse bohlale, tse kenyeletsang tšebelisano lipakeng tsa liphutheloana le lijo kapa lijo ka har'a sepakapaka sa liphutheloana. Litebello tsa 'maraka oa nakong e tlang li ka lebelloa!